A bâton de commandement, bâton percé or perforated baton is a name given by archaeologists to a particular prehistoric artifact of uncertain function. The name bâtons de commandement was the name first applied to the class of artifacts, but it makes an assumption of function; the name bâton percé, meaning "pierced rod", or "perforated baton" (the term used by the British Museum) is a more recent term, and is descriptive of form rather than any presumed function.[1]
Contents |
Bâtons percés are made from a length of antler with a round hole made in one end, and often have abstract or animal designs etched into them. They have been found at Aurignacian and Magdelanian sites of the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe,[1] with examples dating from 23,000 to 12,000 years ago. They have a joint at one end, often forming a T or Y shape, but always with a swelling of the antler at that end. There is a circular hole drilled through the antler just below the swelling or joint. Typical examples range from 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20 cm) in length.[2]
The purpose of the bâton percé was originally thought to be as a symbol of power or status, hence the early name bâton de commandement, or rod of command. Other interpretations include:
The use of the bâton percé as a spear-thrower, similar to the later atlatl, has been the subject of experimental archeology which has yielded evidence in support of the hypothesis that the bâton percé was used as a spear thrower.[2][5] The British Museum "scope note" for "Perforated baton" says in 2011: "They are now understood to [be] implements used in the manufacture and throwing of spears."[6]
The spear thrower hypothesis was first put forward in a scathing article by artist Leon Underwood in 1965. In this, Underwood, who had previously engaged in experimental archeology working with bronze artifacts, rejects the archeology community's classification of the bâton percé as a "magic wand", and draws comparisons between it and more contemporary Eskimo spear throwers. Underwood's hypothesis was that the existing samples of the bâton percé were in poor shape, and may have been missing a hook, such as that found on the Eskimo spear thrower and the atlatl. Underwood built two wooden models, based on different bâton percé in museum collections, but with the addition of a 'nipple' or hook to the end of the shaft opposite the hole. These reproductions were compared against Eskimo designs, and were found to offer superior performance when throwing fletched spears; Underwood pointed out that the Eskimo throwers, built using driftwood, were necessarily weaker and that the design reflected the available materials.[5]
In another experiment, the bâton percé was used in the other orientation, held so that the end with the hole was outwards, and no hook was added. In this series of tests, a 60 inch (1.5 m) long, 1500 grain (97 g) fletched spear was used. To use the bâton percé as a spear thrower, a length of cord is attached to the spear, near the middle of the spear. Leather would be suitable for lighter spears, while sinew would be required for heavier spears. The addition of the cord turns the spear in to a large Swiss arrow. Using the spear thus equipped as a Swiss arrow resulted in a 43% increase in range, compared to a hand thrown spear.[2]
The bâton percé is used by feeding the cord through the hole, and laying the cord along the length of the shaft. The bâton percé is held in the hand, with the solid end held in the hand near the pinkie, and the pierced end emerging from the other end of the fist. The loose end of the cord is grasped between thumb and forefinger, and the spear is laid along the bâton percé. The spear may be twisted up to one and a half turns, which serves to stabilize the spear during the throw. The bâton percé is held over the shoulder, and thrown overhand. The length of the bâton percé serves to increase the thrower's leverage, providing more speed, and the cord acts as it does in a Swiss arrow, extending the leverage further. Use of the bâton percé in this way results in a 127% increase in range over the same hand-thrown spear.[2]
Most bâton percé examples are curved to some degree, either from the natural curve of the antler from which they are made, or as the result of deliberate alteration. Straight or curved handles both produce similar gains in range, but the experimenters found that curved handles provided better ergonomics than a straight handle, with left-handed throwers preferring one direction of curve, and right-handed throwers preferring the other. Straight handles had the advantage of being usable by both left and right-handed throwers.[2]
While the T or Y shape is not required for use as a spear thrower, an example with a T or Y shape is less sensitive to the direction and amount of twist in the cord, and thus easier to use. Used in the method described, even the bâton percé's hole can be dispensed with, though the resulting spear thrower would be far more difficult to load and use.[2]
The cord used works well when it is long enough that about 8 inches (20 cm) of cord extends from the hole of the bâton percé to the knot on the spear. Longer cords, up to 12 inches (30 cm) may provide higher velocities. Cord attachment points can vary from the middle of the spear to the center of mass, depending on the length, and a significantly front-heavy spear works best.[2]
The spear should be long enough to project about a foot (30 cm) in front of the bâton percé when ready to throw. When using a long spear, a longer bâton percé can also be used, though a short version works as well. The longer bâton percé may provide additional velocity over the shorter version.[2]